Understand and Calibrate Urban Freight Demand

Increases in population and economic growth in urban areas have led to a growing demand for goods and services by commercial and domestic users. This paper reviewed the analytical architecture of urban freight demand (UFD), and summarized two approaches to collecting and calibrating UFD, namely from macro and micro level. With time-access regulations and vehicle restrictions are increasingly used to improve social sustainability in urban areas, here points out that off-hour deliveries (OHD) or taking full advantage of daily road network capacity are alternative solutions if properly understand behavioral change of involved parties with the widely deployed ITS and GPS.